Industrial Design

Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales. Definition of industrial design General Industrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement.And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations. In Depth â€Å"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer. † According to the IDSA (Ind ustrial Design Society of America) Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words.Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, â€Å"Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state†. This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an ‘industrial designer'.This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as ‘products' can now be industrially produced as ‘one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) â€Å"Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange. Process of design Although the process of design may be considered ‘creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process.Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics.Addition ally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different sch ools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer.The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002). Industrial design rights Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color , or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value.An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.

Global Warming Speech Essay

Global warming is a major concern to anybody who understands the threat it poses to our society. Recently many ideas have been discussed about ways to stop or slow down the process. One of the biggest issues is considering nuclear power stations, which some optimistics believe will cure or completely resolve the issue of slowing global warming to the absolute minimal. But we ask ourselves are nuclear power plants the best option? Have we spent enough time studying alternatives to eliminate them completely? Alternatives such as wind turbines, wave power and combined heat and power systems would by far be a better and safer approach to slowing down global warming. Some of our erudite friends may argue that other countries like Germany have devastated their countryside with wind farms. That may very well be so, but do looks really matter so much that we would willingly reduce the time man lives on earth for a little extra greenery? We know for a fact that a program of energy efficiency could save twice as much as nuclear power at just a fraction of the cost, and what’s more we can start energy efficiency immediately. As per previous experiences we have witnessed that nuclear power stations are expensive, dangerous and dirty. That in comparison to combined heat and power systems which are cheaper, cleaner and safer. Which would you prefer? There are of course other risks. If a plane was to crash in a nuclear power plant the outcome would be unthinkable. The supporters of such plants may argue that apart from those on the plane and the plant workers, no one else would be injured. Suppose the plane hits a venerable part of the power plant, the chance that dangerous gases could be exposed into the air that we breathe is rather high, and the outcome would be unimaginable. Previously we have seen men die from illnesses at a much later date than the actual disasters and also we have witnessed families suffer for many yrs afterwards. The effects become in a sense hereditary, through generations. Time is also a major issue. Building nuclear power plants could take up to 10 yrs with all the planning and authority approvals needed. Even though the French seem to have done so in 4-5 yrs we must remember that the procedures are different in every country. Where the French do not find it necessary to include the people in their decisions the British believe in involving us into every decision made. This will make it harder to keep the timing a minimal as every aspect of the procedure will be considered thoroughly from both, the political side and the public view. As we know from previous experience the public are not hugely in favour of global warming. Why after all that has been said would any sane individual even consider Nuclear power is beyond me? I plead with you to make global warming a thing of the past using healthy methods and hope that I have made the dangers of global warming convincing enough to make you reconsider whose side you’re on. Nuclear Power or Energy Efficiency, THE CHOICE IS YOURS!

Final Exam E-commrece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final Exam E-commrece - Essay Example This undertaking was also meant to help organizations to handle their business operation through business-to-business sites and all other companies globally (Laudon and Traver, 39). Generally, e-commerce can also be referred to as refashioning the method in which goods and services are bought. The individuals who created this type of commerce meant it to make people do away with the traditional way of making money and start using the technological way. In the recent years it has been noted that the number of people who transact business online increase as days go by. This gives a clear impression that the vision of those who started this plan came to pass. There are many individuals these days that use the internet to transact business especially large companies that have many branches in different geographical regions. There are many individuals in the current society who carry out their businesses online because with the increasing use of technology the number of businesses that ca n be undertaken by an individual is high. For such people to manage all the businesses effectively, they choose to undertake them online so that they can monitor all the activities at the right time making certain that every operation is done as expected (Laudon and Traver, 67). With the large companies a managing director is not able to make himself available in every organizational branch which means that the monitoring of activities in all branches is done using the web. In the contemporary society people are able to sell products to those that are far away using the web and this satisfies the thought that the traditional ways of transacting businesses are no longer practiced today. What are the key challenges facing the online newspaper industry? According to Laudon, there are many challenges faced by the online newspaper industry. Among these challenges is the high price of newsprint. The amount of money needed for a newspaper industry to be able to publish all the happenings i s high. This means that the money received through sales by organization doing it online is less compared to the amount used to print the details. It gives a clear impression that companies transacting newspaper business online are not able to make profits s expected. The other challenge is competition. In the contemporary society, individual who sell newspapers are increasing in number giving a clear impression that those who purchase their newspapers online are very few. Many individuals prefer buying them instead of purchasing them online. Incoherent advertising sales are another problem faced by the online newspaper industry (Laudon and Traver, 110). This means that most of the time there is confusion and the wrong newspapers can be advertised or wrong information placed in the wrong newspaper. With such confusion, the clients that have their newspapers online reduces making the industry have less returns due to less amount gathered from online sales. In the recent years, the nu mber of newspapers scheduled for closure has increased. This means that the online companies that major on certain newspapers are as well likely to close down. It becomes an advantage to those companies that major on several newspapers so that if some are closed down then they are able to sell the others. For those that concentrate on one line

Human Trafficking in the Philippines Research Paper

Human Trafficking in the Philippines - Research Paper Example Human trafficking has since become a serious global problem since its impacts is being felt by almost every country worldwide. Philippine is among the top countries where human trafficking is at its top. Report indicates that Philippines acts as a source, destination and transit country for women, men and children who are trafficked and subjected to forced labor and sex among other forms of exploitations. Philippine women are trafficked throughout the different parts of Asia, after being deceived of decent job opportunities. The same applies to Philippine men and children who are increasingly being shipped to different parts of Asia (Castles and Miller, 1998). Estimates from ILO indicate that about 1 million Filipino women and men are shipped to foreign countries every year for work opportunities. The finding also found out that about 10 million Filipinos currently work and live abroad. Most of these Filipino migrants are subjected to conditions of forced labor, sex workers, or domes tic workers throughout Asia. Report indicates that most Filipino women employed as domestic workers abroad are subjected to all manner of atrocities and exploitation. The women are raped, battered, and sexually abuse. At the same time, Skilled Filipino immigrant workers such as doctors, accountants, engineers are also forced to work under voluntary servitude. Reports indicate that Filipino women are increasingly being trafficked as commercial sex workers in countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, and other Asian Countries (Gonzales, 2012). Opportunities available to "organize the crime" The high rate of human trafficking in Philippine has been catalyzed by a number of factors. Poverty and unemployment top the list as the key factors that offer the opportunity for the organization of the crime. Report indicates that Philippine is one of the poorest countries in Asia. The poverty level is particularly high in rural areas. The slow economic growth has also made it difficult for the government to create enough jobs for its over 92 million people. This means that many Filipinos are jobless. This has made the poor and jobless Filipinos vulnerable to illegal recruiters offering better prospects to poor Filipinos abroad. This has seen many Filipinos fall victim of the illegal recruiters who ship them abroad with the hope of getting greener pastures. However, a majority of the Filipinos who fall prey to the illegal recruiters end up in agony when they land in the foreign countries where they are exploited either as sex workers or forced labor (Arias, 2011). Philippine has also experienced successive civil strife like the one experienced in the southern part of the country. The civil strife increased poverty level in this area where polygamy is common thereby increasing the vulnerability of residents to trafficking. Report indicates that residents of southern Philippine violently displaced by the civil war were forced to migrate to other co untries as a way of looking for a place where they could improve their present situation. This offers a great opportunity for traffickers to offer their services. Such was also witnessed during the 2010 civil strife in the country, which left over 130,000 Filipinos displaced by the violence vulnerable for trafficking. This is because they were longing for a safer place where they could carry on with their businesses (Arias, 2011).

Eu law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eu law - Essay Example The case commenced in the Politierechter (Magistrate Dealing with Commercial Offences). The action was brought by the officier Van Justitie (Public Prosecutor). The defendant was the company KOLPINGHUIS NIJMEGEN BV (its legal representative). This case was referred to the European Court of Justice by the ARRONDISSE-MENTSRECHTBANK (DISTRICT COURT), ARNHEM, Netherlands. The above judicial authority of Netherlands brought this case in the European Court of Justice in accordance with the article 177 of the EEC Treaty asking for a preliminary ruling (in order for this ruling to be used in the criminal proceeding pending before the specific national court regarding the case under examination). The national court (the District Court of Netherlands) brought this case before the ECJ based on the existence of the Council Directive 80/77/EEC of 15 July 1980 ‘on the approximation of the Laws of the Member States relating to the exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters’ and particularly to the provision included in this Directive that ‘the member states are to take the measures necessary to ensure that only waters extracted from the ground of a member state and recognized by the responsible authority of that member state as natural mineral waters satisfying the provisions of the particular Directive’ (par. 3 of the case). In the particular case the following parties intervened in order to submit their observations: The Netherlands Government (which is the state directly related with the case under examination), The Italian Government, the United Kingdom and the Commission of The European Communities. The reference to the appearance and the intervention of these parties is made in the section of case which refers to the distribution of the costs related with the case brought before the ECJ. In accordance with the ECJ the Directive 80/777 could not have been enforced against the

Discuss a book you have read all the way through that is not related Essay

Discuss a book you have read all the way through that is not related to economics, business, or finance, and its influence on your thinking - Essay Example The story is characterized by traditional approach to life as opposed to modernism which is displayed in the lives of Wung Lung and O-lan. Women are considered as mere materials that can be purchased to satisfy a man’s needs in the traditional Chinese community. O-lan is a slave from a rich family who was given for marriage due to a request from Wung Lun father. This is portrayed as forced marriage in a modern culture context because a woman is given against her own will for marriage. A twist is seen where the two rather connect even without prior courtship (Burk 189). Their marriage however faces a couple of challenges. Wung Lung chauvinism plays out when he is not pleased by the fact that his wife’s feet are not bound, a demeaning traditional practice that undermined women by binding women with tight formations so as to forcefully stunt their growth. Traditions appeared to have outshone modernism that was busy creeping in. modernism seemed to be embraced by the rich and traditionalism had held the poor hostage. Interference is a factor noted in the book in pearl’s book. Traditional interference is hard to miss in Wung Lung happy marriage to O-lan. One time Wung Lung makes a concubine because of the bound feet that his wife didn’t have which was a traditional practice (Burk 200). Hwang rich family faces its demise because of drug addiction and women addiction which act as interference to the financial status of the family making them sell their property. Modernism appears to be a threat to Chinese traditions because the traditionalists are less appealed by this modern trend that was slowly taking root in the Chinese society. The ‘Good Earth’ might be telling a story of successful harvest by the mentioned Chinese families at the end of a successful planting season characterized by financial success but the story’s plot echoes more

Consumer Research on Ethical Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Consumer Research on Ethical Consumption - Essay Example General assumption on relationship between attitudes and behavior is the consistency. This is known as principle of consistency which means expectation on consistency of one’s behavior with the attitudes hold by them. Furthermore it means people are rational and try to behave rationally at every time. Though this principle is through, it is clear that consumers do not always follow that. Sometimes it is able to experience irrational behavior. For an instance, majority of consumers are smoking cigarettes while knowing this consumption causes heart diseases and lung cancers. Literature relevant to theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior are significant theories that discussed this attitude-behavior relationship in-depth manner. Attitude is defined as a permanent, general evaluation regarding people or person, objects, issues or advertisements (Soloman et.al, 2010). Difficulty of changing and nature of evaluating something are discussed as the characteristics of attitude according to above definition. Relationship between attitude and behavior is presented by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) based on theory of reasoned action. As theorized by Gordon W. Allport in 1935, there is a multidimensional relationship in between attitude and behavior but not one-dimensional relationship. It means attitude is a complex system that consists with individual’s belief regarding the object, feeling on the object and action tendencies towards the object.

Marketing plan for Computer Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing plan for Computer Village - Essay Example Village is a retail and sales company focusing on the IT industry selling used and new computers and accessories along with providing necessary services such as network administration, assembly maintenance and system analysis. The company began its operations in 1988 and is based in San Dimas, Los Angeles. The company is owned and operated by a Certified Microsoft Systems Engineer who serves as an expert in the IT industry. Computer Village is an IT based retailers and service provider that has developed partnership with its client to provide technical assistance in form of affordable products, their servicing and other IT related services. The company has developed business partnership with leading technological corporation such as Microsoft, Apple, Dell, HP etc. to better serve its clients and their business needs (Computer Village, 2013). Industry Information The computer retail and service industry is a booming industry not just in California but around the entire globe. This is because the need for computers and even their servicing and repair has increased significantly in the last few decades. The IT industry and specifically the computer industry is enjoyed a growth phase in today’s world. With the increase in the number of sales of computers worldwide, the computer retail and service industry also enjoys a phase of growth (Franchise Help, 2013). The computer retail industry, while a growing industry, faces competition from three sides. It faces the biggest competition from computer manufactures who directly sell to the end consumers. Consumers, at times, prefer to buy directly from the computer manufacturers and eliminate the middle men. The second competition that the computer retail industry faces is from wholesale companies. Retail chains such as Wal-Mart and Sears offer computers and other accessories to the consumers at discounted range while providing a wide range of selection to choose from. The industry faces its third competition from c omputer retail companies like itself that develop a one-on-one relationship with the end consumer, thereby having a loyal customer base. Small retail computer companies, while selling computers, also provide a wide range of services to their customers. These services include repair and maintenance; network support services; IT services and internet services. In the recent years, there has been a strong demand for computer repair and maintenance services. This is because of the fact that consumers prefer to repair or even change parts rather than investing in buying a new product. The recent recession has rather positively impacted the company as businesses and users would

Tower Cranes Essay Example for Free

Tower Cranes Essay Force Force can be defined as that which causes a mass to accelerate. Force has common units of pounds force (lbs) or Newtons ? Acceleration (F=MÂ ·A). In other words 1 Newton is the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram by 1 m/sec2, or 1 pound force is the force required to accelerate 1 slug by 1 foot/ sec2. You will notice that the imperial unit for force is pounds force and not just pounds. There is a common inaccuracy in our language that is only really important when talking about physics. The word weight truly refers to a force – this is why your weight on the moon is not the same as your weight on earth. To fully understand this we need to dissect the mathematical meaning behind the force term. Two components go into calculating a force; the first is mass, the second is acceleration. What is mass? Mass is the amount of stuff present in a given sample, lets say a person. A person’s mass will be the same whether on earth or the moon – in both places that person is made up of the same amount of stuff. Mass has two common units; kilograms (kg) and slugs. So a person might have a mass of 70 kg or 4. 78 slugs. For the example of weight, or the downward static force exerted by an object, the acceleration of interest is the acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration due to gravity can be defined as the pull one object exerts on another. For this pull to be felt, one of the objects has to be extremely massive. For most people the most massive object they will encounter is the earth. The acceleration due to gravity on the earth is 9. meters/sec2 or 32. 2 feet/sec2. So a person on earth might weigh (70kg x 9. 8m/sec2) = 686 Newtons or (4. 78 slugs x 32. 2 feet/sec2) = 154 lbs. On the moon the same person will weigh (70kg x 1. 62 m/sec2) = 113 Newtons or (4. 78 slugs x 5. 32 ft/ sec2) = 25 lbs. So when a person says they weigh 154 lbs they are being true to physics, but when they say they weigh 154 kg, they’re actually referring to their mass. As a further twist, it’s also interesting to note that the acceleration due to gravity changes with altitude. So your weight at sea level will be slightly different that your weight at the top of a mountain (Newton’s law of gravitation Fg = G ? gravitational constant). ? kg ? m ? . The equation used to mathematically define force is Force = Mass x 2 ? ? sec ? m1 ? m2 , where G is the r2 Stress Stress is defined as force per unit area and has the common units of Pounds force per Square Inch (psi) or Pascals (Pa) (a Pascal is a Newton per square meter or kg/m sec2). In construction there are five basic types of stress which concern engineers. These are bending, tensile, compressive, shear, and torsional stress (see picture below). For the purpose of building Popsicle stick bridges we are really only interested in bending, compression, and tensile stresses. When we take a close look at bending we’ll see that it is just a combination of tensile and compressive stresses. Of these three types of stress tensile is perhaps the easiest to measure. As a result engineers will take samples of material and, using special machines, subject them to higher and higher tensile loads until they break. By dividing the force at which the sample breaks by the cross sectional area of the sample the materials Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) can be determined. The ultimate tensile stress is given the symbol ? (Greek letter sigma), and essentially represents the strength of a material. For comparisons sake a sample of plain carbon steel might have a UTS of 50,000 psi, while pine (which is what Popsicle sticks are made of) might have a UTS of 1,000 psi. It is important to recognize that UTS is not the only important consideration when selecting a material, but material selection is a bit outside the scope of this summary. Let’s take a closer look at tension and compression. Tension is the stress an element experiences when exposed to a pulling force. To get a feeling for tension think about a piece of string. String can only experience tension; it is not able to resist pushing or bending. Compression is the opposite of tension; it’s the stress an element experiences when exposed to a pushing force. Sand is an example of a substance which can only experience compression. A column of sand can support a large load, but is unable to resist any pulling force. As most materials have different tensile and compressive loading potentials, it is important to know what sort of forces will be exerted on every member in a building or bridge. Bending combines both tensile and compressive forces in a single element. To demonstrate this, take a look at the picture below. It’s pretty obvious from this picture that bending puts one face into tension while the other is in compression. It also logically follows from this conclusion that at some point between the two faces there must be a point where there is no tension or compression. This point is called the neutral axis. The mass of material above and below the neutral axis will always be equal. So in a symmetrical member the neutral axis will be along the midline, but will not necessarily be along the midline in an irregularly shaped member. This simple concept of leverage can be used to explain several more complex concepts in structural engineering. The first is why it’s easier to break a Popsicle stick when it’s bent on its flat side as opposed to its edge. To explain this we have to explain the concept of leverage. This one is pretty simple and can easily be demonstrated by the classroom door. Leverage (also called moment or torque) occurs when a force is applied to an object which can rotate about a pivot point. In the case of the classroom door the pivot is the hinge and the force applied comes from the person wanting to open the door. In the case of bending a Popsicle stick the pivot is the neutral axis and the force we’re concerned with is the tension or compression on the outside faces. Moment is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance from the point of force application to the pivot. If you increase the applied force, or the distance from the pivot point, the moment increases. That’s why door handles are put as far from the hinge as possible – we make the distance from the point of force application to the pivot point as large as possible, that way a small applied force will create a large moment. So the Popsicle stick is harder to break when bent on edge because we’ve increased the distance from the neutral axis to the point of maximum force. Explain the difference between tensile, bending, and compressive forces with examples of the equations used to calculate each. Explain truss elements and why they are a superior way of building a bridge. Sample FEM output for simple bridge design o Calculate the amount of popsicle sticks required to make a simple beam with the same strength as a truss element. Hints on building a strong bridge o Truss o Strength comes from the Popsicle sticks, not the glue – but well glued joints are a must. Additional information: http://andrew. triumf. ca/andrew/popsicle-bridge/ http://www. eir. ca/resources/presentations/Bridges%20-%20By%20Doug%20Knight. doc

Case Study Stress Related Essay Example for Free

Case Study Stress Related Essay Michael is to 52-year-old male who was referred to me for memory problems. Michael stated that his wife has complained that he has become very forgetful lately. Michael also stated that he feels anxious due to the fact that his wife has threatened divorce, because he works too much and the thought that he may lose his job. He also explained that at times it’s very difficult for him to pay attention in class. He stated that his mind wonders allowing him to remember only main concepts and not the details of material. When an individual is experiencing problems which cause extreme stress and anxiety that Michael is experiencing it can cause memory loss and what psychologist calls â€Å"flowing consciousness†. When an individual receives new information it goes to the sensory memory where it is coded then to the working memory for temporary storage and manipulation of the task. The working memory is a combination of attention, concentration, short-term memory and has a limited capacity (Cowan, 2005). Basic structure and function of memory can be explained through what is called the stage model theory that was initially proposed in 1968 (Mcleod, 2007) The stage model consists of three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory (Clark, 2012). Sensory memory is the first stage of memory. Memories are stored here for a very short time approximately 3 or 4 seconds (Clark, 2012). Long enough for the information to be coded and sent to the short term memory (Clark, 2012). Short term memory is active memory or what you are thinking of at this given moment. It is also called the working memory (Ashcraft, 2001). Long term memory is information that is stored in memory, but mainly outside our consciousness (MRC, 1993). However it can be recalled through our working memory (MRC, 1993). The working memory has three components (Ashcraft, 2001. The main component is called the central executive (Ashcraft, 2001). It regulates and coordinates the flow of information within the working memory (Ashcraft, 2001). It also performs storage and processing functions. The second is the Phonological Loop (Ashcraft, 2001). This component stores verbal material (Ashcraft, 2001). The third is the visiospatial sketchpad  that processes material based on its visual and spatial characteristics (Ashcraft, 2001). There is significant evidence that stress affects the working memory (Luethi, 2009). For example, an individual’s ability to solve math problems, reading and retrieval of information from long term memory are all affected by stress (Luethi, 2009). Stress also affects an individual’s ability to accurately recall emotional events (Luethi, 2009). For example, the case involving Ronald Cotton and Jennifer Thompson who was convicted of rape and spent 10 years in prison, because of the victim’s misidentification. Cotton was later released due to DNA evidence (Thompson, 2000). â€Å"Psychological research findings show that many circumstances that lead to eyewitness testimony may be flawed and manipulated, says APAs general counsel Nathalie Gilfoyle† (Azar, 2011). â€Å"It is no longer enough to make a conviction in our legal system today, because it is unreliable† (Azar, 2011). The limbic system is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory as well as feelings of pleasure (Bailey, 2012). It consists of two large structures called the amygdala and hippocampus (Bailey, 2012). These two structures play an important role in memory. The amygdala determines what memories are to be stored and where they are to be stored within the brain (Bailey, 2012). â€Å"The hippocampus is responsible for sending memories out to the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and when necessary an individual is to retrieve them† (Bailey, 2012). Stress can be very harmful for the limbic system as seen in this case. Michael is experiencing several of the affects. For Michaels working memory to function properly it needs Michael’s ability to concentrate and be fully attentive and this is almost impossible when there is extreme stress. Michael is so stressed due to inward thoughts like his marital issues, the thought of losing his job, and memory loss which is a symptom of the stress and anxiety he is unable to give his full attention to anything else. He is only taking in bits and pieces of information, because of the stress and the thoughts that are causing the stress. Stress is the reason behind Michael’s memory loss. Michael also stated that it is difficult for him to pay attention and that his mind wonders. This is due to what is called â€Å"flowing consciousness†. The brain will use this technique to take a break from the concentrated attention that is being given to the stress related issues that Michael is experiencing so it can focus on storing information in his long  term memory. In other words his working memory gets over loaded and must shut down partially to store information from his short term memory to his long term memory. There are several strategies that would help Michael strengthen his memory for example, yoga, exercise, Keep a datebook for appointments and number one is to take care of his health and eat nutritious meals. The body cannot function properly when it is sleep deprived and is experiencing a lack of nutrients. We all experience stress in our lives at one time or another it’s almost inevitable – sometimes it just can’t be helped. But we can change the way it affects us. References Ashcraft, M. H., Kirk, E. P. (2001). The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 224-237. Azar, B. (2011). Amercian Psychological Association. The limits of eyewitness testimony. Retrieved June 03, 2012 from www.apa.org †º †º December 2011 Monitor on Psychology Cowan, N. (2005). A Workout for Working Memory.Retrieved June 03, 2012 from www.apa.org †º †º September 2005 Monitor on Psychology Clark, D. (2012). Atkinson Shiffrin three-stage model of memory (sensory, STM, LTM). Retrieved June 06, 2012 from donaldclarkplanb.blogspot.com//atkinson-shiffrin-three- stage- mod Luethi, M., Meier, B., Sandi, C. (2009). Stress Effects on Working Memory, Explicit Memory, and Implicit Memory for Neutral and Emotional Stimuli in Healthy Men. Retrieved June 03, 2012 from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov †º †º Front Behav Neurosci †º v.2; 2008 Mcleod. S. (2007). Multistore Model of Memory- Akinson and Shiffren, 1968. Retrieved June 02, 2012 from www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html MRC (1993). Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit.Baddeley, A.D. (1993). Working memory or working attention? In A. Baddeley L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), Attention: Selection, awareness, and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent (152-170). Retrieved June 03, 2012 from www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk †º †º Articles listed by year of publication Thompson, J. (2000). Common Dreams. I was Certain but I was Dead Wrong. Retrieved June 03, 2012 from www.commondreams.org/views/062500-103.htm Bailey, R. (2012). About.Com. Limbic System. Retrieved June 03, 2012 from biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa042205a.htm

Biological Psychology Applications

Biological Psychology Applications SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE AND THE COMPLEMENTING NATURE OF SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES Frankie S. Frazier Jr Part A What careers other than psychology, would benefit from a foundational knowledge of biological psychology? There are a variety of professions that would benefit from the foundational knowledge of biological psychology, particularly, the guidance counseling field. A guidance counselor is an individual whose job description is to assist in guiding children toward making successful choices. Guidance counselors provide the support that is needed to help children who may be experiencing an unstable and/or somewhat confusing time in their lives. Children are offered additional support that provides the child with the foundation to thrive, instead of becoming yet another statistic. When it comes to the biological aspect of this particular career path, behavior definitely plays an important role in determining a child’s actions, a child’s emotions, as well as the child’s ability to learn within a classroom setting. â€Å"Biological psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain† (Garrett, 2015 , pg. 3). A Mental Health counselor would also benefit from the foundational knowledge of biological psychology. A mental health counselor that chooses to work within a school environment would be able to provide further assistance. He or she is a critical link between the school faculty and â€Å"the child†. He or she has the background through his or her education and interactions with other children to better aid staff who may be unfamiliar with this area of study, to better understand the principles of human development, psychology, and mental health and change theories. Mental health counselors are also skilled in the assessment of people and situations, diagnosing, and providing referrals for treatment of mental disorders. Mental health counselors are experienced with effectively working with children who need the extra support beyond the services that have previously been available to them. Children that are also at a disadvantage academically, due to behavioral reasons are in di re need of more extensive interventions and can benefit tremendously from the prior knowledge and experience of a competent Mental Health counselor. A student’s inability to make good, solid behavioral choices often interferes with his or her ability to stay within the classroom setting, often affecting his or her opportunity to benefit from crucial instructional time. Children who take medication, may also struggle with ADHD or a plethora of other diagnoses, need the extra support. This somewhat levels the playing field so to speak, and give students with special needs the same opportunity to become as successful as their peers. What are the practical applications of biological psychology? When it comes to the practical applications of biological psychology, biological psychology combines research from genetics and physiology in order to be able to understand human behavior. â€Å"When it comes to how individuals think such as making decisions and choices, there’s a compelling theory that is a â€Å"mind† behind it all†. (Garrett, 2015, pg. 3). Biological psychology has many practical applications in the understanding of how the human brain functions. Understand and explaining how the brain works can be very complex. The brain interacts with so many aspects of the body to include: movement, body sensation, an individual’s speech, hearing, vision, and language. The brain functions in such a diverse and complex manner, which explains why many individuals would consider the subject psychology to be a very broad and controversial area of study when it comes to the relationship between the brain and an individual’s behavior. How will you apply what you have learned in this course to your life? How will I apply what I have learned throughout this course in my life? I know I will personally benefit from the foundational knowledge of biological psychology because of my current profession, as well as my future career goals. I currently work within an elementary school setting with students in grades kindergarten through fifth grade. North Charleston Elementary School is predominantly an African-American school, with only a small percentage of Caucasian students or students from other ethnic backgrounds. The school’s staff is well diversified, which in turn helps students who may come from other schools that aren’t as culturally diversified within the faculty population. I am now better able to relate to all students, regardless of race, gender, ethnic, or socioeconomic status compared to when I first started working as an educator. I am now confident in my ability and skills to not only relate, but differentiate between adversities that an individual student migh t be facing at home or within the classroom. Students often show a range of behaviors, both positive and negative, and tend to go through many phases, such as peer acceptance and peer-pressure. â€Å"Behavior results from the interaction of many wide spread areas of the brain† (Garrett, 2015, pg. 7). For the past seven years, I have spent my time as an educator working in a number of diverse elementary schools. Many of the schools were considered â€Å"high poverty† schools due to the number of students receiving primarily free or reduced lunch. I have had the opportunity to work with students, who despite living in high poverty areas, still came to school eager to learn and receive their education. Often times, their poverty stricken lifestyle was a motivating factor in encouraging them to get a quality education so that they could eventually break the cycle of poverty and strive to attain whatever goal they set. I have also had the opportunity to experience what it was like to work in more affluent areas of Charleston. There is a huge disparity between the two school environments. I believe that I have an advantage over individual coming from off the street without any experience. I believe that the experience that I have gained throughout these past years and all of the knowledge that I have acquired throughout this course will be advantageous to me in the near future. I am now able to better understand a child’s individual needs from a different perspective. When I first started working for the school system, one of the biggest issues that resonated with me was the lack of a support system in high poverty areas. The schools received less assistance and student interventions than the schools in the high income areas. I strongly believe that school’s physical location and/or culture dissimilarities should not dictate the amount of funds or resources available to a particular school is allocated. All schools should be equitable in financing and also, in meeting the needs of its student population and community. Every child deserves an equal opportunity to obtain a quality education. The current generation is our future and we need to become fully vested in it. If we invest our time, resources, and money into guiding our students now to eventually become our great leaders of the future. Studies have shown that we can choose to allocate our resources now to provide children with additional support and therapeutic interventions early on in their life that will lay the foundation for future success. Or, we have the option of ignoring our population of youth with the greatest needs to continue to be passed on from teacher to teacher or school to school, forcing us to have to invest more time and financial resources on remediation later on in their lives. The choice is ours! Success has always been my responsibility! As an educator, I will encourage, promote, support, and share in the ownership of a student’s success. Students should feel at ease when going to school, and never have to fear for their safety. Having the knowledge and skills needed to maintain order within a classroom are key factors when it comes to understanding the foundational knowledge of biological psychology. Insight into the foundational knowledge of biological psychology can contribute too many fields of study and career paths. Part B State the research problem The research problem expresses that approaches to human behavior cannot be fully explained by social or biological approach alone but as a multi-level integrative analysis. Researchers state, â€Å"Social and biological approaches to human behavior have contrasted as if the two maybe antagonistic or mutually exclusive† (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 829). These contrasts have surfaced within the field of psychology. Tensions between biological and social approaches surface in behavioral neuroscience and social psychology. Human biology is rooted in concrete anatomy and genetics while the social science is completely opposite. Social approaches are based upon an abstract set of actions by different groups and societies and their influences. The research will be rooted and based on the differences in both approaches and how they can and do work together toward understanding human behavior. Provide an effective literature review of other studies done on the same research problem Science brief written by Kristen Jacobson, Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies summarizes that genetics and social environment are not only important to human development but can also play and integral role in the resilience to specific behavioral and psychological disorders. This study is comparable to the research problem because it complies with the idea that these approaches are not always mutually exclusive. The brief also supports the research hypothesis that the biological and social approaches must work as part of an integrated system of processes to better understand human development and behavior. (Kristen Jacobson, 2009) Discuss the importance or implications of this research problem The importance of the research problem is the understanding of human behavior. Understanding human behavior by using social or biological approaches may help to shed light on matters of violence, education, economics and environmental factors. Human behavior is said to occur from the interactions of many wide spread areas of the brain. Human behavior is susceptible and affected by contact and relationships with others. The human brain allows us to recognize faces but it is â€Å"language, the bedrock of complex social interactions†, that will nevertheless develop in all humans thusly affecting behavior. (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 831) State the hypothesis The hypothesis for this article is that researchers want to determine whether or not â€Å"mechanisms underlying the mind and behavior are not fully explicable by a biological or a social approach alone but rather than a multilevel integrative analysis may be required† (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 829). Researchers surmise that all human behavior at some level is biological. Others dispute that not only is human behavior biological but affected by social settings and environments. Research that has been gathered by both the psychological and biological fields have shown that human development and behavior is affected by both social and biological approaches. The study of animal behavior has also been utilized to further support this hypothesis. Discuss research method and rational for research method to be used in this study One research method that was used within this article was the experimental method. â€Å"An experiment is a study in which a researcher manipulates a condition which is expected to produce a change in the subjects’ behavior† (Garrett, 2015, pg. 97). Researchers found that animal studies provide the best experimental evidence for social influences on cardiovascular disease. Researchers used cynomolgus monkeys and found that in a series of studies, social disruptions promoted coronary atherogenesis. This implicates that the sympathetic nervous system is behaviorally induced. Discuss how the study would be designed to verify the hypothesis Design of the study would need to involve the consideration of social influences on biological processes, experiments with animal and/or human subjects to explain and quantify these findings. Utilizing various age, social and economic groups to differentiate the studies. Studies would be centralized around how extreme environmental factors play a role in human behavior and the biological effects. Describe how the validity of the research will be ensured Comparison and citation of similar studies done on the hypothesis may help to further validate the research. Expanding research groups from a localized setting to a global setting would help to ensure that the research is covering a broader audience. Research groups would contain not only age, economic and social variations but geographical influences as well. Results from this broader variation of test subjects would help to ensure that there is no bias in the research findings. Discuss the necessary criteria to ensure the study will be conducted safely and ethically I do not believe that any of these particular experiments were conducted in an ethical fashion. In my opinion, using animals, rodents etc. should never be considered an ethical approach to science. Animals have similar sensory receptors and while they may not be able to verbally report pain like humans, they most certainly â€Å"sense† or feel the pain. This can be observed in an animal’s response to pain. While an animal may not be able to convey in spoken words to a researcher that they are in physical or emotional pain, they can create audible sounds and display muscular reflexes that clearly confirm their discomfort. There was an experiment that was conducted using rodents such as rats or mice, in order to determine whether animals such as mice or monkeys had the same effect that humans may have when it comes to the social and biological approach. Although, I strongly disagree that the use of animals is safe or ethically safe, â€Å"research states that animals pro vide among the best experiment evidence for social influences on autonomic function and cardiovascular disease† (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 829). Therefore, some of the implications and findings from research that requires the use of animals may potentially be somewhat accurate due to the in-depth studies that have already been conducted. Conclusion Biological and social approaches and how they work in conjunction to display their effects on human behavior have been the topic of discussion amongst researchers and psychologist. As there is a dispute between psychologist and biologist on which approach is most effective, both approaches have shown to be sufficient techniques in defining human behavior. Science studies research groups and experiments have been conducted to show these approaches are part of a multilevel system of analysis. Although both approaches have traditionally been viewed as opposing techniques, research studies have proven that there are complimentary. References Cacioppo, J. T., Bernston, G. G., (1992). Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: The doctrine of multilevel analysis. American Psychologist. 47, 819-1028. Garrett, B. (2015).Brain and behavior: An introduction to biological psychology(4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Report on Winner-Take-All :: Winner-Take-All Elections Politics Essays

Report on Winner-Take-All "Winner-take-all† is a term used to describe single member district and at large election systems that award seats to the highest vote getters without ensuring fair representation for minority groups. In the United States, these are typically single-member district schemes or at-large, block-voting systems. Under winner-take-all rules, a slim majority of voters can control 100% of seats, leaving everyone else effectively without representation. There's something else troubling about the way we elect presidents--something beyond the personal attacks, the derelict voters and the influence of big money. It is the fact that so many of those who do vote don't have their votes counted. Florida is a good example of what I'm talking about--not because that state turned out to make the decisive difference in this week's election, but because more than 2 million voters--nearly as many as will go to the winning candidate--had no say in the outcome. All of Florida's 25 electoral votes will go to the other guy. That's the unavoidable consequence of the winner-take-all system that prevails in all the states. At the end, of course, any contest for a single office is a winner-take-all affair. But why should it be that way in the states? Why should more than a million-and-a-half California supporters of George W. Bush see all 54 of the state's electoral votes go to Al Gore? In short, what is wrong with apportioning each state's electoral votes in accordance with the way the state's electorate voted? A better question, no doubt, is why not ditch the electoral college system altogether and go to direct elections? Politicians as different as Franklin D. Roosevelt and Richard Nixon backed a constitutional amendment to have all the states go to a proportional system. Obviously, nothing came of the proposals. It's probably because the political party that would be favored in a winner-take-all state is usually the party that runs the state. The party with the power to change the system has no incentive for doing so. It is not the sole fact that votes get wasted that bothers me. There is much more to it. Bush hardly campaigned at all in New York--and for the same reason that Gore neglected Idaho, Wyoming and Alaska: His opponent had the states locked up, along with 100 percent of their electoral votes. Indeed, Bush was criticized by some GOP strategists for wasting time and resources campaigning in California.

The Life Of King David :: David Goliath Religion History Essays

The Life of King David In this essay I will be talking about the life of King David. He was a man who went from being a giant slayer, to a king, to a man in exile and, then he went back to being a great man. As a boy, David was a shepherd. He took care of his father's sheep. He was a very courageous boy. When a wolf tried to steal a sheep, he didn't run, he stood his ground and killed the wolf. One day his father told him to go to the land where his brothers were fighting a war against the Philistines. When he got there, he saw the giant Goliath cursing God and making fun of the Hebrew warriors. David was the only person there with enough courage to fight Goliath. With God's help David killed Goliath with a sling and a stone from a brook nearby. When he killed Goliath, the Philistines were really scared. They all fled for their lives and the Hebrews won the war. During David's life he makes many friends. One of the people who was David's friend was king Saul. David played his harp for Saul and made him feel better when life was getting him down. David also becomes good friends with, Jonathan, Saul's son. Saul gets envious of David because the people of Saul's kingdom really like David. Saul tried to have David killed but, Jonathan finds out about the plot and saves David's life. Later on in life David became king of all Israel. One day David was up on the roof of his palace and he saw Bathsheba bathing on her roof. Instead of turning away from his sinful thoughts, he had her called to his chamber where he lay with her, and had sexual intercourse. David didn't think before he acted and he got Bathsheba pregnant. He had no idea how to get out of the predicament he was in. David summoned Bathsheba's husband Uriah back from battle. He told Uriah to go lay with his wife for the night, but Uriah was loyal to King David and would not leave the King's side. That night Uriah slept with the rest of the King's warriors, instead of his own wife who he hadn't see in days. The next night David tried to get Uriah drunk so he could trick him into lying with his wife. But still Uriah remains loyal to David and, he will not leave his King. Then David came up with an idea to have Uriah fight in the front

Financial Statement Analysis Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent, to assist in investment and financial decision-making. Moreover, it is also the process of identifying financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationship between the items of the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. When looking a specific company, the financial analyst will often focus on the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flows statement. One of the most common ways of analyzing financial data is to calculate ratios from the data to compare against those of other companies or against the company’s own historical performance. For example, return on assets is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several similar companies and compared as part of a larger analysis. Financial analysis converts raw information of financial statements in useful financial information. Only after financial analysis, we can use financial statements for decision making. This financial information is useful for planning for example; we can estimate our future ability of earning on advertising if we did financial analysis of our advertising expenses with direct return on the investment in advertising. Like this, we can do financial analysis of each and every item of profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow statement. II. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the financial statement of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc and Far Eastern University for the periods of 2007 to 2011 using financial statement analysis. This analysis are to apprehend the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the weaknesses and strengths of the firm and to make a forecast about the future prospects of the firm thereby, enabling the analysts to take decisions regarding the operation of, and further investment in, the firm. To be more specific, the analysis is undertaken to serve the following purposes (objectives): * Assessment of Past Performance. Past performance is a good indicator of future performance. * Assessment of current position. Financial statement analysis shows the current position of the firm in terms of the types of assets owned by a business firm and the different liabilities due against the enterprise. * Prediction of profitability and growth prospects. Financial statement analysis helps in assessing and predicting the earning prospects and growth rates in earning which are used by investors while comparing investment alternatives and other users in judging earning potential of business enterprise. * Prediction of bankruptcy and failure. Financial statement analysis is an important tool in assessing and predicting bankruptcy and probability of business failure. * Assessment of the operational efficiency. Financial statement analysis helps to assess the operational efficiency of the management of a company. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (DYCI) started as a non-sectarian secondary institution. It was established in 1950 as the Francisco Balagtas Academy (FBA). In 1987, the name of the institution was changed to Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges (DYFBC). Through the years, the school has been an integral part in the formation of many young men and women of Bulacan, metamorphosing into successful practitioners in their various fields of interest. In 2001, the name of the institution was changed again and became Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (formerly Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges, Inc.) was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2001, primarily to own, operate, maintain, or otherwise administer a school or colleges of any nationality providing therein education in different courses. Far Eastern University.The Far Eastern University, Incorporated (the University or FEU) is a domestic educational institution founded in June 1928 and was registered and incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on October 27, 1933. On October 27, 1983, the University extended its corporate life for another 50 years. The University became a listed corporation in the Philippine Stock Exchange on July 11, 1986. The University is a private, non-sectarian institution of learning comprising the following different institutes that offer specific courses, namely, Institute of Arts and Sciences; Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance; Institute of Education; Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts; Institute of Nursing; Institute of Engineering; Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management; Institute of Law; and Institute of Graduate Studies (PSE website). In November 2009, FEU entered into a Joint Venture (JV) Agreement to establish a joint venture company (JVC) for culinary arts. The registration of the JVC was approved by the SEC on May 7, 2010. In 2010, the University established the FEU Makati Campus (the Branch) in Makati City. The Branch started its operations in June 2010 (PSE website). III. FINDINGS/ANALYSIS FINANCIAL RATIOS Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a company’s financial statements the level and historical trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about the company’s financial condition, its operation and attractiveness as an investment. There are four categories of ratio used in financial statement analysis. These are: (1) Liquidity Ratio(2)Activity Ratio(3)Leverage Ratio(4)Profitability Ratio This part of the study is organized the calculation and comparison of ratios of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. and Far Eastern University using the four categories of financial ratios. Specific ratios for each category are also presented and analyzed 1. Liquidity ratio. Which measure a firm’s ability to meet cash needs as they arise. * Current ratio. The current ratio indicates a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. This ratio shows the current assets available to cover current liabilities at the balance sheet date. There should be a reasonable buffer of current assets over current liabilities as an indicator of the ability of the firm to pay its debts as and when they fall due. As presented, the current ratio of FEU is insignificantly increasing, which could mean more current assets may still be invested in other wealth-generating activities. This implies that FEU has to revisit its capital budgeting initiatives. As to the current ratio of DYCI is generally decreasing which has 4.36 in 2007 that reflects inefficient working capital management to 1.56 by 2011 which falls into a healthy mark of business current assets and liabilities that indicate both account are well functioning and helpful to the operation. * Quick or acid-test ratio. The quick ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations using its most liquid assets (near cash or quick assets). Quick assets include those current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values.As a supplement to current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio aims to show the more liquid current assets available to pay the more immediately payable liabilities. With reference to current assets, FEU has its quick asset for the year 2010 of 2.26 and 1.92 for the year of 2011. The acid test ratio of FEU is steadily decreasing from 2007 to 2011 which could be interpreted as a deterioration of liquidity.While quick ratio of DYCI is same as their current ratio decreases because the only current assets they have arecash and cash equivalent and trade receivables which are both included in the quick assets. DYCI is less liquid than their previous. * Working Capital to total assets. Working capital to total assets ratio is useful while evaluating the company’s level of liquidity. Working capital measures a company’s ability to cover its short term financial obligations by comparing its Total Current Assets to its Total Assets.FEU’s working capital to total assets shows that from 0.57 in 2007 has its increased up to 4.26 in 2011 which indicates a positive sign, showing that FEU’s liquidity is improving over time. While DYCI has decreased its working capital to total assets between years 2007 with 0.21 down to 0.08 in 2011 that indicates the company may have too many total current liabilities, reducing the amount of working capital available. * Cash-flow liquidity ratio. Cash-flow liquidity ratio measures how well a company can handle its Short Term Debt with its cash and other liquid assets. It seems like quick ratio of FEU has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. This just confirms the discussion presented in the current ratio portion that not all current assets of FEU fall under the immediately realizable current assets when needed to pay off maturing debts. In the financial ratio of DYCI the cash flow liquidity ratio is unstable where it goes from 2.44 in 2007 it went down to 1.72 by 2008 and escalate to 2.36 and 3.57 by 2009 & 2010 but drastically recede during 2011 to 2.71 it shows that DYCI can provide cash payment to its short term obligation. 1. Activity ratio. Which measure the liquidity of specific assets and efficiency of managing assets. * Trade Receivable turn-over. Trade Receivable turn-over measures how many times a company’s accounts receivable have been turnover into cash during the year.FEU’s converted trade receivables into cash 3.14 times in 2011, low from 20.17 in 2007. The turnover if receivable doesn’t improve which may indicate a not do good quality of receivable and no improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. While the DYCI has a 41.92 times in 2011, up from 26.09 times in 2007. The receivable has improved and this may indicate better quality of receivable and improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. Generally, a high turnover of DYCI is good because it could indicate efficiency in the collection of receivable, but a very high turnover may not be favorable because it may indicate that credit and collection policies are overly restrictive. * Average Collection Period. This helps evaluate the liquidity of accounts receivable, the ability of the firm to collect from the customers.The ratio for FEU, indicate that during 2011, the firm collected its accounts in 116 days on average. No improvement over the 18 days collection period in 2007. This is one of the main reasons why it has significantly higher current assets.While the DYCI’s financial ratio reflects that decreased their average collection turnover by 5 days from 14days in 2007 to 9days by 2011 which signifies that there’s an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating wellalthough out the operations that generates revenue.FEU has the longest collection period. Whether the average of 18 days taken to collect an account is good or bad, it depends on the credit terms FEU is offering. * Working capital turn-over. Working capital turn-over measures how well a company is utilizing its working capital to support a given level of sales. FEU’s financial ratio shows that working capital turnover in 2007 with 2.04 down to 1.07 in 2011 indicates a decreasing ratio which is a low ratio that FEU is investing in too many accounts receivable to support its sales, which could eventually lead to an excessive amount of bad debts and obsolete inventory. On the other hand DYCI has a working capital turnover between year 2011 with 17.11 and 9.62 in 2007 that means a high, or increasing Working Capital Turnover is usually a positive sign, showing the company is better able to generate sales from its Working Capital. But an extremely high working capital turnover ratio can indicate that DYCI does not have enough capital to support it sales growth. This is a particularly strong indicator when the accounts payable component of working capital is very high, since it indicates that management cannot pay its b ills as they come due for payment. * Asset turn-over ratio. Asset turn-over ratio measures how efficiently a company’s assets generate revenue For FEU, the total asset turnover has decreased relative to the industry. As reflected in the financial ratio of asset turnover in 2007 with 0.58 times that there is no improvement primarily in 2011 with 0.49 times. Like DYCI also has no improvement on their asset turnover ratio like FEU. The year 2007 and 2011 the ratio is low from 1.41 down to 0.84. But similar to the previous financial ratio, as a rule of thumb, to be considered effective, it should be at least 0.30 times. Using this, it can be said that the two firms both FEU and DYCI keep an effective mechanism on utilizing their total assets. * Capital intensity ratio. Capital intensity ratio measure of a firm’s efficiency in deployment of its assets.As reflected on the financial ratio of FEU. The capital intensity in 2007 was 1.72 and has an improvement with 2.05 in 2011. So FEU’s capital intensity ratio is high, it is said to be capital intensive. Like DYCI also a high ratio in 2007 with 0.71 up to 1.19 in 2011. This means that both firms have to make a significant investment in assets relative to the amount of sales revenue those assets can produce. Hence, FEU is more capital intensive than DYCI 1. Leverage ratio. Which measures the extent of a firm’s financing with debt relative to equity and its ability to cover interest and other fixed charges. * Debt ratio. Debt ratio measures the proportion of all assets that are financed with debt.Total debt includes all current liabilities and long term debt. Creditors prefer low ratios because the lower the ratio, the greater the cushion against losses in the event of liquidation. As presented, in 2007 with a 0.15 down to 0.12 in 2011 it seems like FEU will be highly favored because they have the lowest ratio and lower the risk. On the other hand DYCI will also be highly favoredbecause of its 0.89 in 2007 up to 0.91 in 2011. They both have the lowest ratio and indicate lower the risk because they didn’t have reached the generally considered maximum ratio of 50%. To much debt would pose difficulty in obtaining additional debt financing when needed or that credit is available only at extremely high rates of interest and most onerous terms. * Debt to equity ratio. Debt to equity ratio measures the riskiness of the firm’s capital structure in terms of relationship between the funds supplied by the creditor and the investor.As reflected from the financial ratio of FEU. FEU’s debt to equity ratio has increased between 0.88 of 2011 and 0.85 0f 2007, implying a slightly riskier capital structure. On the other hand the financial ratio of DYCI’s debt to equity ratio decreases from 0.11 in 2007 and 0.9 in 2011 which implies a no risk capital structure. 1. Profitability ratio. Which measure the overall performance of a firm and its efficiency in managing assets, liabilities, and equity * Operating Profit Margin. A ratio used to measure a company’s pricing strategy and operating efficiency.FEU’s operating profit margin doesn’t have an improvement because of its 34% in 2007 down to 26% in 2011. This is unfavorable because it indicates the ability of the company that there is no control in operating expenses while sharply decreasing sale. Unlike the operating profit margin of DYCI is consistently in equal level which is 1% in 2007 until 2011 with 1% as well. * Cash Flow Margin. Cash flow margin is cash from operating activities as a percentage of sales in a given period.FEU’s cash flow margin between 0.32% in 2011 decreased from the operating margin of 0.43% in 2007. On the other hand the DYCI’s cash flow margin in 2011 of 0.21 was higher than the operating margin. This indicates a strong positive generation of cash. The performance in 2011 represent a solid and impressive improvement over 2005 which is -0.01 when the firm failed to generate cash from operations and had a negative cash floe margin. * Rate of Return on Assets (ROA). It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings.This ratio measures efficiency with which assets are used to operate the firm. As a rule of thumb, a higher return on total assets is preferred since lower ROAmay mean higher degree of leveragetherefore higher interest expense and lower net income. Referring to financial ratio of FEU between 2011 from 2008 FEU consistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with 1% in 2011. * Rate of Return on Equity. It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. This ratio measures the rate of return on common shareholders’ investment. This is considered as the most important accounting ratio as this has something to do with the DuPont equation. As a rule of thumb, the higher the ROE, the better since low ROE but high ROA may mean that the firm is using greater debt. Reflected inthe financial ratio of FEU between the year 2007 to 2011 is inconsistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with its low ratio of 7% in 2007. Summary of Financial Statements Analysis of FEU and DYCI Short-term liquidity and Activity Short-term liquidity and activity analysis is of particular significance to trade and short-term creditors, management and other parties concerned with the ability of a firm to meet near-term demand for cash. Both FEU and DYCI’s current and quick ratios are insignificantly decreasing indicating a deterioration of short-term liquidity. On the other hand the cash flow liquidity ratio of both firms doesn’t improved and has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. The average collection periods for accounts receivable of FEU doesn’t improved. There is no improvement that may be the result of poor day-to-day credit management or such temporary problem concerned by a depressed economy. While the DYCI decreased their average collection turnover by 5days which signifies that there is an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Presently, there appears to be no major problem in DYCI’s short-term liquidity position but FEU seems that there is a problem in average collection period that must have been improved. Long-term Solvency The debt ratios for FEU and DYCI shows a steady decreased in the use of borrowed funds. Total debt has decreased relative to total assets implying a slightly riskier capital structure. Given the decreased level of borrowing, the times earned and fixed charged coverage improved slightly in 2011. These ratio should however be monitored closely in the future particularly if the both firms continues to expand. Operating Efficiency and Profitability FEU and DYCI both decreased from 2007 to 2011 that means inefficient utilization or obsolescence of fixed assets. The assets turnover in 2011 of both firms also decreased implying that the company is not using its assets optimally and no progress traceable to improved management of receivables. Operating profit margin of FEU doesn’t have an improvement, unfavorable and manage to improve its operating margin in 2011 principally due to the ability of the firm that there is no control in operating expenses. Unlike DYCI that is in the stable level from 2007 to 2011. Referring to financial ratio of FEU and DYCI both firm increased considerably in 2011. These ratios measure the overall success of the both firm in generating profits from its investment and management strategies. Conclusion: It appears that Far Eastern University and Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. doesn’t have any major problems and is well proportioned for future growth but FEU must improve their average collection period. Close monitoring the firm’s management of receivables is important considering the size of the company’s capital tied up. The both firm should however be cautious of the increased risk associated with debt financing. IV. RECOMMENDATION The analysis of the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., financial statements shows that there is no consistent ratio on the increase of their comprehensive income unlike the Far Eastern University who maintains the increase of their profit. Therefore, it is advised that a stronger and more effective policy shall be developed and implemented regarding the ratio of the revenue and all expenses. When it comes to their cash every end of the year, Dr. Yanga’s improve better than FEU. For the past 5 years, FEU keeps on decreasing their cash on hand. It is observed and analyze that FEU’s cash on hand decrease, while their account receivables increase. So, the expected cash to be use in the entire year was still receivable that affects their accounting plans. It shows that FEU has a weak credit and collection policy, so it is advised to focus on those credit accounts, and also in accepting creditors and promissory notes. As reflected in the financial ratio of Far Eastern University and Dr. Yangas colleges, Inc. there is no major problems for both firms and is well proportioned for future growth. However the Far eastern University has a problem in their average collection period. Therefore, possessing a lower average collection period is seen as optimal, because this means that it does not take a company very long to turn its receivables into cash. Ultimately, every business needs cash to pay off its own expenses. In that case it is advised that FEU must improve an excellent credit term management to fall into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating well although out the operations that generates revenue.

Women’s Rights in the Middle East

This is focused on women in the middle east, in places such as China, Egypt, Turkey, Afghanistan, etc. Women’s rights in this part of the world is very different than in the United States. Women are forced to live by the men’s rules. In China they throw little girls on the streets, leaving them starving to death because they think that there are too many women already, it’s part of their culture. Or they make the women abort the baby if it’s a girl, that’s called genocide.This topic is really interesting because it’s not what you see everyday in our country. It’s a different side and there are different concerns. Women live in the shadow, they don’t have a right to speak, sometimes they have to do demeaning things because it’s what it was intended that they should do according to their country’s rights. There are women that fight for their rights and to be treated equally. Some people approve that, others donâ€⠄¢t.Some women are sick of being treated like slaves and they try to fight for what they want, but some of them get killed in the process because the men take that as rebellion. I’m in favor of those women who fight till the end, who want to make a difference. If I could help change the way people think in these countries, I would. In Afghanistan women try to fight for their freedom because it’s a society where mainly the men are in charge. And it is believed that men have to be deciding everything in the women’s lives, including marriage.

Grading System Adwanteges

Awarding of grades has number of advantages over awarding of numerical marks. It considerably reduces inter and intra examiner’s variability in marking. It also takes care of imperfection of tools used for assessment. Statistical research in assessment techniques indicates that there is a possibility of variation of scores awarded to individuals to the extent of to 15%. Putting students of similar potential in same ability bands (grades) automatically takes care of all these aberrations in assessment techniques.Lastly, it will reduce undesired and unsound comparison of small difference of marks 1) It reduces the competition pressure 2) By this, students can't do any wrong project, assignment etc. Because when this happen the student reduces there grade pts. 3) By this system, students are also conc enterate on sport ; any other field. 4) It is responsible for the full development of the students. 5) In India we hears every day that any students are doing suicide By this system , the suicide cases is rapidly reduces almost finished.For the student, the grading system lets them know how much they successfully were able to give the teacher of what they learned. For the teacher, if it is an objective system, it shows fairness to students and parents, for the school board, it shows a fairness doctrine and how well their employees are doing their jobs. with grading, there will be no mad rush amongst students for percentages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ as grading system puts a specific range of percentage in one category. earlier colleges use to close admissions on, say 81. , while a student with 81. 4 woudn't get the seat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. which was totally absurd, but with the new rule, every student that gets similar grade, for eg. , grade B (covering between 75 – 85 percent) has a chance of getting admission in the same college, and it depends on the college whether to take him or not, depening on other factors†¦. The grading of students would also take away the frightening judgmental quality of marks obtained in a test leading to a stress free and joyful learning environment in the school.

How Smell Affects Taste

How Does Smell Affect Taste? Table of Contents 1. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. Scripture Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 3. Research Section†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 3-5 4. Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 5. Materials List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 6. Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 7. Observation/Results/Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9-13 8. Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 9. Acknowledgements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Abstract The purpose of this project is to experiment if smell affects taste.In the hypothesis it is stated that when the nose is plugged the taste of a jellybean will be affected. It is also hypothesized that when a subject is given a certain flavor of jellybean to taste they will remember the taste of the same flavored jellybean with the smell impaired. A brief overview of the experiment is as follows. Eight subjects will be tested for their sense of taste. They were given four different flavors of jellybeans to taste twice, once with a nose plug and once without. Group one was asked to taste the first flavor of a jellybean with the nose plugged first.Then they were given the same flavor of jellybean to taste without the nose plug. The same procedure was used with the remaining three flavors. In contrast, group two was given the jellybean to taste without the nose plug first and with the nose plug second. The four flavors of the jellybeans were tasted in this order: marshmallow, lemon, pear, licorice. The results for each independent variable are as follows. The nose plug did affect the taste of the jellybean. But, group two did not remember the taste of the jellybean when the nose was unplugged. In both groups, taste was affected and flavors were not easily guessed. Scriptural ReferenceTaste â€Å"Taste and see that the LORD is good; blessed is the man who takes refuge in him. † Psalm 34:8 (NIV) I chose this Bible verse because it is very important that as Christians we actively seek God in all things. Even though we really do not â€Å"taste† God, we need to thirst for His Word and love. In return, we will see that He is good, we receive His blessing, and find that He is our refuge. Smell â€Å"The LORD smelled the pleasing aroma and said in His heart: Never again will I curse th e ground because of man, even though every inclination of his heart is evil from childhood. And never again will I destroy all living creatures, as I have done. Genesis 8:21 (NIV) God uses His senses like we do. He created us in His own image and made us to have senses. God finds obedience to be pleasant just as we think the smell of red roses is pleasant to our nose. Research The human body was created by God to have five different detected senses: taste, smell, hearing, touch, and sight. Taste and smell are the two senses that people have to help us enjoy food. They are separate, but also related. Much can be learned about the correlation between taste and smell and how they affect each other. Taste is the sense that comes from food molecules touching the taste buds on the tongue.The taste buds send signals to the brain which then translates the signals into a taste. Taste buds are nerve receptors on the tongue and palate. Different parts of the tongue have specific receptors for different types of tastes. There are thousands of taste buds on the tongue, each with a surface opening called a taste pore. At the base, microvilli sensors pick up the molecule. The molecule gets changed by sensory cells of the taste bud into a nerve impulse. The signal gets sent to the brain through the glossopharyngeal nerve to the brainstem, then to the thalamus, and on to the forebrain. That signal is translated to specific taste (Swindle, Mark). On the tongue, different tastes are picked up on different parts of the tongue. First, the sweet taste buds occur on the outside part of the tongue. A second kind is salty taste buds that are located on the back outside portion of the tongue. Lastly, the bitter taste buds are located in the far back of the tongue. There are some taste buds on the palate that pick up different tastes (Smith, David). Smell, on the other hand, is the sense that comes from odor molecules attaching to the olfactory nerve. Air carries the odor into the nose. Then odor contacts the olfactory nerves at the top of the nasal passages.The the olfactory nerves send a signal to the olfactory bulb of the brain, and the nerve sends a signal to the front of the brain. The forebrain translates the signals of the odor into a specific smell (Swindle, Mark). Smell and taste are so interrelated that many scientists think that taste is about 80% of aroma and 20% actual taste (American Academy of Otolaryngology). It changes as people age, the sense of smell seems to be better in adults than in kids. Usually at age 60 or over, adults may start to lose their sense of smell. Scientists have proven that women have a better sense of smell than men.People who have head injuries often lose their sense of smell and lose weight because the taste of the food they eat has been impaired through the injury. Also, people with sinus problems or upper respiratory problems lose weight because of a decreased sense of smell and appetite (American Academy of Otolaryngolog y). In previous studies, Frank and Byram’s article suggest that taste and smell interactions are dependent on taste and odor. In their experiments, they gave subjects strawberry whipped cream while pinching their nose and then strawberry cream not pinching their nose.The addition of smell to taste made the strawberry whip cream seem 85% sweeter. The same experiment was used, but with peanut butter flavored whip cream. It was found that peanut butter odor did not enhance sweetness. They then evaluated the same people with salted strawberry whip cream, and found that the odor did not increase the sweetness. This suggested that sweetness is both taste and odor dependent. The experiment with salted strawberry whip cream proves that the sense of smell is a dependent factor in a person experiencing the full sense of taste (Frank, Robert). HypothesisWhen the nose is plugged and the olfactory system is impaired, taste will be affected. Each of the eight subjects will be tested on fou r different flavors of jellybean, once with the nose plugged and once with the nose unplugged. The four flavors tested in order were: marshmallow, lemon, pear, and licorice. People in group one will have a nose plug on during the first taste. They will be impaired to taste and guess the flavor of the jelly bean. At the second attempt to taste without the nose plug, they will be able to taste easily and be able to guess the flavor of the jellybean. Group two, will start by not having the nose plugged.This group will be able to taste easily and easily guess the flavor of the jellybean. When the plug is then placed on the subject’s nose, they will be able to taste because they already know the real taste from memory. Materials List -Log Book -Pencil -Jelly Beans -2 Marshmallow, 2 Lemon, 2 Pear, 2 Licorice flavored jellybeans -Towel as blindfold -Baggies -Eight Test Subjects -Nose Plug -Charts -Water Procedure To set up this experiment, eight human subjects were needed for evalua tion. Each person was tested for their sense of taste and smell. The subjects were split into two evaluation groups.The first group was given a blindfold and a nose plug. They were given a jellybean to taste. They were asked the following questions: What flavor do you think this is? Is it sweet, sour, or bitter? After the tester recorded the data, the subjects were asked to remove the nose plug. They were given the same flavor of jellybean and asked the same questions. This same procedure was used for the remaining three flavors of jellybeans. The data was recorded and the results compared. The second group was given a blind fold, but asked to taste the jellybean without the nose plug first. They were asked the same questions as group one.Data was recorded. Then they were given the nose plug and asked to taste and evaluate the same flavor of jellybean. This same procedure was used for the remaining three flavors of jellybeans. Data again was recorded and results compared. The four d ifferent types of jelly beans given were in this order; marshmallow, lemon, pear, and licorice. Observations Preston| Plugged Nose | | | No Plug| | Actual Jelly- Bean Flavor| Guessed Flavor| Sweet/Sour/Bitter (Sw/S/B) | | Guessed Flavor| Sw/S/B| 1-Marshmallow | Coconut| Sweet/Sour| | Coconut/lime| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Blueberry| Sour| | Lemon| Sour| -Pear| Cherry| Sweet| | Cranberry| Sweet/Sour| 4-Lic| Nothing| Sweet| | Rubber| Bitter| | | | | | | Tyler| Plugged Nose| | | No Plug| | 1-Marshmallow| Cinnamon| Sour| | Nothing| Bitter| 2-Lemon| Orange| Sour| | Orange| Sour| 3-Pear| Apple| Sour| | Apple| Sweet| 4-Lic| Licorice| Bitter| | Licorice| Sweet| | | | | | | Makenzie| Plugged Nose| | | No Plug | | 1-Marshmallow| Coconut| Sweet| | Cotton Candy| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Lemon| Sour| 3-Pear| Apple| Bitter| | Pear | Sweet| 4-Lic| Nothing| Sweet| | Licorice| Bitter| | | | | | | Pierce| Plugged Nose| | | No Plug| | 1-MM| Lime| Sour| | Popcorn| Sweet/bitter| -Lemon| Lime| Sour| | Lemon | Sour| 3-Pear| Pear| Sour/Bitter| | Pear| Sour/Bitter| 4-Lic| Peach| Sour| | Licorice| Bitter| | | | | | | | | GROUP | TWO| | | Autumn| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Marshmallow| Sweet| | Lemon| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Lime| Sour| | Grape| Sour/Sweet| 3-Pear| Lemon| Sweet| | Blueberry| Bitter| 4-Lic| Green| Bitter| | Strawberry| Sweet| | | | | | | David| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Cotton Candy| Sweet| | Cotton Candy| Sweet/Sour| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Green Apple| Bitter| 3-Pear| Strawberry| Sweet| | Lemon| Bitter/Sour| 4-Lic| Black Berry| Sweet | | Strawberry| Sweet| | | | | | Katy| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Pineapple| Sweet| | Banana| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Lemon /Lime| Sour| 3-Pear | Pear| Sweet| | Apple| Sweet| 4-Lic| Root beer| Sweet| | Root beer| Sweet| | | | | | | Sam| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Mint| Sweet| | Nothing | Bitter| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Apple| Sour| 3-Pear| Green apple| Sour| | Lemon| Sweet/Sou r| 4-Lic| Lemon/Mint| Bitter| | Cherry| Sweet| Results/Conclusion The results for each independent variable are as follows: Number of right guesses of jellybean flavor without nose plug= 13 out of 32.Number of right guesses of jellybean flavor with nose plug= 3 out of 32. Number of right guesses of jellybean flavor with nose plug after already tasting jellybean without nose plug= 1 out of 16. The first part of the hypothesis stated that impairing the sense of smell with a nose plug would affect the taste of the jellybeans. Almost half of the flavors were guessed when given without smell impairment compared to three flavors guessed when smell was impaired. This supports the hypothesis that when smell is impaired taste is affected. The nose plug did affect the taste of the jellybeans.The hypothesis also stated that the subjects would remember the actual taste of the jellybean by memory when first given a certain flavor with no smell impairment and then given the same flavor with impai rment of smell. Only 1 out of 16 guesses were accurate. Therefore, group two did not remember the taste of the same flavored jellybean when given the nose plug. In conclusion, the hypothesis was partially supported. Works Cited 1. American Academy of Otolaryngology. â€Å"How do Taste and Smell work? † http://www. etnet. orgHealthInformation/smellTaste. crm 2010. 2. Frank, Robert. â€Å"Taste–smell Interactions Are Talent and Odorant Dependent — Chem.Senses. † Oxford Journals | Life Sciences & Medicine | Chemical Senses. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. . 3. Smith, David V. â€Å"How Taste Works. † World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. T. 2006. 4. Swindle, Mark. â€Å"How Odors Are Detected. † World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. Smell. 2000. 5. Swindle, Mark. â€Å"Structures Important In Smell. † World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. Smell. 2000. Acknowledgements I would like to thank God for making the human body so interesting and wonderful. Also, I would like to than ks my teachers and parents for helping